• Glide speeds and lift/drag ratio

• Effect of wind shear on aircraft performance

• Interpretation of meteorological forecasts and requirements

• Local winds; sea breeze, land breeze, anabatic and katabatic winds, etc.

• Use of take-off and landing charts

• Correct use of the various loading systems (APLHA, BRAVO and CHARLIE)

• A number of candidates had ground speed errors, i.e. basic navigation computer work

• Difficulties with time conversion

• Determine CAS, TAS, HDG, Ground speed and drift, i.e. basic navigation computer work

• Flight plan preparation

• Determine fuel requirements

• Determine requirements based on meteorological forecasts

• Correct use of the take-off and landing charts

• Determine time/distance and revision of estimates

• Calculate Density Height and/or Pressure Height

• Correct use of the various loading systems (ALPHA, BRAVO and CHARLIE)

• Interpretation of meteorological forecasts

• Ammeter indications

• Recognition of different fuels

• Correct use of carburetor heat

• Turbo-chargers and associated engine handling

• Understanding of magneto operations and their failures

• Correct understanding of vibration, either in the main rotor or tail rotor – Helicopter only

• Basic ground speed errors these affected a number of questions, including determine ETI or EST for positions such as CP (also called an ETP) or PNR

• Fuel policy requirements as per CAAP 234-1 (2.1)

• Aircraft speeds, TOSS, Va, Vne, manoeuvering speeds

• Determination of MTOW or TODR using the graphs in figures 3, 5 or 12

• Understanding of range and endurance and factors affecting

• Definitions of terms such as MAC, empty weight, ZFW, ramp weight, etc.

• Aeroplane Weight Limitations, Loading and Balance – the relationship between fuel carried, burned off and aeroplane weight limitations

• Spoilers and vortex generators

• Knowledge of range and endurance flying

• Wing design – anhedral, dihedral, aspect-ratio, wash-out

• Factors affecting aircraft stability

• Flow dynamics – pressure changes with changes in angle of attack

• Take-off and landing – ‘ground effect’ and how it affects aeroplane performance

• Calculate a required ROC/ROD

• Understanding of latitude and longitude and associated problems

• Determine fuel requirements

• Stability and how it affects the weather

• Winds, backing, veering and wind shear

• Air masses and fronts

• Inversions, fog and mist

• Thunderstorms and microbursts

• Decoding forecasts in particular TAFs including where a TAF3 service is provided where there are periods such as INTER, TEMPO and FM included

• Graphical Area Forecasts and Low Level GPWTs

• Area and aerodrome forecasts – It would appear that some candidates could have been misapplying the appropriate UTC time to the given flight scenario

• Anatomy of the ear and eye

• Visual illusions on approach

• Physiological stress

• Undesired Aircraft State (UAS)

• Various classifications of threats and errors

• Various categories of countermeasures

• Managing Undesired Aircraft States

• Airspace requirements

• Classification of various operations, AWK, CHTR etc.

• Pilot maintenance requirements

• Rules of the air

• Tracking requirements

• Hot refueling requirements – Helicopter only